In my first book-Drug Induced- I demonstrated that opiate overdose was rarely ever linked to drug purity. Reviewing research and mechanisms of overdose, I showed that most people overdose on relatively low levels of the drug, that they had previously tolerated the day before. As 85 per cent of overdose occurs in group situations, and often only one person overdoses, it immediately rules out purity levels in most cases. This is because mechanism of drug tolerance are often initiated by psychological and environmental cues. Were these cues are lacking, there can be a failure to trigger tolerance leading to overdose. I also suggested tentatively that this could also be related to depression. Many overdose survivors and active long term opiate users told me that they felt mood state payed a large role in their overdose experience or recent overdoses were actually suicide because of the depressed mood of the individual concerned. I wrote that this area had not been studied. Now it has with telling results.

The link between mental health disorders and substance abuse is well-documented. Nearly one in 12 adults in the U.S is depressed, and opioid-related deaths are skyrocketing. As these numbers continue to climb, some mental health professionals have started to wonder if there's a link between the two. According to a new study published in Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, the link is strong.

"For every additional 1 percent of the population that has a depression diagnosis, we see between a 25 and 35 percent increase in the number of opioid overdose deaths," said Laura Schwab Reese, an assistant professor of health and kinesiology at Purdue University, who led the study.

"We thought maybe suicide was driving this, but we sectioned out unintentional overdose and found that the relationship continued." More than 72,000 Americans died of drug overdoses in 2017, mostly from opioids. The Trump administration declared the crisis a public health emergency in October 2017, but the end is still out of sight. This, coupled with rising rates of depression and a lack of access to mental health care for many, is proving to be deadly.

Schwab Reese and Madeline Foley, a student at Riverdale Country School, analyzed data from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention on opioid-related deaths from 2011 to 2015. Rates of opioid-related deaths were generally stable from 2011 to 2013, but increased substantially in the two following years.

Data on depression was collected by a telephone survey of more than 400,000 people across the country. About 19 percent of respondents reported a depression diagnoses in 2015 -- up from 17.5 percent in 2011. "We know from prior literature that people who are depressed are more likely to be prescribed opioids, but also that people who are prescribed opioids are more likely to become depressed," said Schwab Reese. "We need to recognize that this is probably a bidirectional relationship."

The solution, said Schwab Reese, is twofold. Doctors should screen for depression and discuss the risk with patients before prescribing opioids. Because nearly two-thirds of opioid overdoses involve prescription medications, doctors could play a significant role in preventing opioid misuse and depression. Second, Americans need better access to mental health care. More than 40 million Americans have a mental health condition, and more than half of them don't receive treatment. In West Virginia, the state with the highest number of opioid-related deaths in 2015, nearly a million people live in areas with a shortage of mental health care providers. The U.S. would need an additional 3,000 providers to meet American's mental health needs, according to another study.

"We can't say this person had depression and that led to an overdose -- this was a population-level analysis," said Schwab Reese. "To me, that means we need a population-level response."

Story Source:

Materials provided by Purdue University.

Journal Reference:

Madeline Foley, Laura M. Schwab-Reese. Associations of state-level rates of depression and fatal opioid overdose in the United States, 2011–2015. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 2018; DOI: 10.1007/s00127-018-1594-y